5-3aAchieving Variety With Four Sentence Types
Messages
that repeat the same sentence pattern soon become boring. To avoid monotony and
to add spark to your writing, use a variety of sentence types. You have four
sentence types from which to choose: simple, compound, complex, and
compound-complex.
Simple Sentence
Contains
one complete thought (an independentclause) with
a subject and predicate verb:
The entrepreneur saw an
opportunity.
Compound Sentence
Contains
two complete but related thoughts. May be joined by
1. a
conjunction such as and, but, or or;
2. a semicolon; or
3. a
conjunctive adverb such as however, consequently, and therefore:
The entrepreneur saw an opportunity, and she
responded immediately.
The entrepreneur saw an
opportunity; she respondedimmediately.
The entrepreneur saw an
opportunity; consequently, sheresponded immediately.
Complex Sentence
Contains
an independent clause (a complete thought) and adependent clause (a
thought that cannot stand by itself). Dependent clauses are often introduced by
words such as although, since, because, when, and if. When
dependent clauses precedeindependent clauses, they
always are followed by a comma:
When
the entrepreneur saw the
opportunity, she respondedimmediately.
Compound-Complex Sentence
Contains
at least two independent clauses and one dependent clause:
When
the entrepreneur saw the
opportunity, she respondedimmediately;
however, she needed capital.
Because
your goal is to communicate clearly, you should strive for sentences that
average 20 words. Some sentences will be shorter; some will be longer. The
American Press Institute reports that reader comprehension drops off markedly
as sentences become longer.
Therefore, in crafting your sentences,
think about the relationship between sentence length and comprehension.
Sentence Length
Comprehension Rate
8 words
100%
15 words
90%
19 words
80%
28 words
50%
Instead
of stringing together clauses with and, but, and however,
break some of those complex sentences into separate segments. Business readers
want to grasp ideas immediately. They can do that best when thoughts are
separated into short sentences. On the other hand, too many monotonous short
sentences will sound âgrammar schoolishâ and may bore or even annoy the reader.
Strive for a balance between longer sentences and shorter ones. Your grammar-
and spell-checker can show you readability statistics that flag long sentences
and give you an average sentence length.
You can emphasize an
idea by making it the sentence subject, placing it first, and removing
competing ideas. Effective sentences use the active and passive voice
strategically. In the active voice, the subject is the doer of the action (She
hired the student). Most sentences should be in the active voice. In the
passive voice, the subject receives the action (The student was hired).
The passive voice is useful to de-emphasize negative news, to emphasize an
action rather than the doer, and to conceal the doer of an action. Parallelism
is a skillful writing technique that uses balanced construction (jogging,
hiking, and biking rather than jogging, hiking, and to bike). Skillful writing
avoids dangling modifiers (sitting at my computer,
the words would not come) and misplaced modifiers (I have the report you
wrote in my office).
1.
Draft effective paragraphs using three classic
paragraph plans and techniques for achieving paragraph coherence.
Typical paragraphs
follow one of three plans. Direct paragraphs (topic sentence followed by
supporting sentences) are useful to define, classify, illustrate, and describe.
Pivoting paragraphs (limiting sentence followed by a topic sentence and
supporting sentences) are useful to compare and contrast. Indirect paragraphs
(supporting sentences followed by a topic sentence) build a rationale and
foundation of ideas before presenting the main idea. Paragraphs are more coherent when the writer links ideas by
1.
sustaining a key thought,
2.
dovetailing sentences,
3.
using pronouns effectively and
4.
employing transitional expressions.
Paragraphs with eight
or fewer lines look most attractive.
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